锁定螺钉固定距下关节治疗平足症疗效观察

王成林,杨俊忠,曹 华
(武汉市江夏区第一人民医院,湖北 武汉 430200)

【摘要】目的:探讨关节融合术治疗平足症应用锁定螺钉辅助固定距下关节的疗效。方法:2012年4月至2016年3月在我院门诊收集14例成年人获得性平足症患者,采用内侧入路行距下及距舟关节截骨矫形融合治疗。距下关节后关节面应用空心螺钉固定,距舟关节则选用锁定钢板固定,同时在锁定钢板远端应用长度60~65 mm锁钉拧入跟骨远端辅助固定距下关节,术后将足置于功能位予以石膏固定4周后拆除,根据骨愈合情况逐渐开始负重训练。结果:全部病例均获得随访,随访时间6~14个月(平均9.6个月),随访期间所有患者均未出现断钉、退钉及假关节形成,且达到骨性愈合。结论:距舟关节锁定钢板远端锁钉辅助固定距下关节,可增加距下关节及距舟关节稳定性,促进骨质生长,降低骨不连的发生率。

【关键词】平足症;关节融合术;锁定螺钉

成年人获得性平足症是足踝外科常见病,其病因较多。其中以胫后肌腱功能障碍多见。 Myerson将其分为4期,其中ⅡB期、Ⅲ期临床症状重且有足弓明显塌陷、后足固定性畸形等,严重影响患者日常生活[1]。目前对于成人获得性平足症手术治疗方法中选用关节融合术较多,但在此术后发生骨不连风险较高,尤其在老年骨质疏松患者中更易发生,故笔者在门诊收集14例成年人获得性平足症患者,采用内侧入路行距下及距舟关节截骨矫形融合治疗。距下关节后关节面应用空心螺钉固定,距舟关节则选用锁定钢板固定,同时在锁定钢板远端应用长度60~65 mm锁钉拧入跟骨远端辅助固定距下关节,现报告如下。

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料 我院骨科门诊于20012年4月至2016年3月收治14例成年人获得性平足症患者,其中:年龄50~65岁,平均57.5岁;术前病程2~4年,平均3年;根据病史、体征及辅助检查确定为ⅡB期12例,Ⅲ期2例。排除对术后效果有过高或不切实际的期望、合并全身性疾病不能耐受手术、足部有感染病灶等患者。

1.2 治疗方法 术前了解病史及进行体格检查,常规摄X线片包括全足站立位前后位及侧位,对弓高、跟距角、距骨-第1跖骨角等进行评估。采用硬膜外麻醉,仰卧位,驱血后止血带充气止血。手术采用内侧入路,取内侧前下方弧形切口,长7~8 cm,切开皮肤、皮下组织、深筋膜、胫后肌腱表面的屈肌支持带及三角韧带浅层,显露距舟关节、距下关节,先用关节撑开器撑开距下关节间隙,彻底清除距下关节软骨,用骨刀在距下关节中后关节面打凿骨面,再彻底清除距舟关节软骨,首先将距下关节置于外翻5°~7°上,并确定跟骨已完全复位到距骨下,用6.5 mm空心螺钉从足跟向距骨体方向植入固定,再内收跗横关节和前足旋前复位距舟关节,用2枚克氏针临时固定,应用锁定钢板固定距舟关节,靠跟骨远端方向经万向锁定孔用钻头钻入跟骨,并用55~60 mm锁钉从距骨拧入跟骨固定,用大量生理盐水及活力碘反复冲洗伤口,放置引流管,逐层缝合至皮肤,加压包扎。

1.3 术后处理 术后预防感染,每2~3 d换药1次,观察伤口愈合情况,2周拆线。石膏将足于功能位固定4周后拆除,鼓励患者在踝套保护下行走。

1.4 随访 术后每隔2~3个月回院行X线复查,了解有无内固定物松动、退钉、假关节形成等风险,了解骨愈合情况。

2 结 果

本组14例患者均获得随访,随访时间6~14个月,平均9.6个月。随访期间所有患者均未出现断钉、退钉及假关节形成,且达到骨性愈合。

3 讨 论

双切口行三关节融合术治疗ⅡB/Ⅲ期成年获得性平足症,术后出现外侧切口皮肤坏死、骨不连及神经损伤的风险较高[2],而单独内侧切口具有可缩短手术时间、避免外侧切口出现感染、皮瓣坏死等相应问题以及更有效纠正足跟外翻畸形等优点。1995年O′Malley等[3]进行的一项尸体实验显示,距舟关节和距下关节双关节融合术可获得与三关节融合术同样的效果。同时经大量生物力学、解剖学研究及临床试验证实,若距下关节不稳定,会导致距舟关节融合位置不当以及骨不连[4-7]。因此,距下关节稳定才是治疗成人获得性平足症的重中之重。故笔者对本组ⅡB/Ⅲ期成年获得性平足症患者采用内侧入路行距下及距舟关节截骨矫形融合治疗,距下关节后关节面应用空心螺钉固定,距舟关节则选用锁定钢板固定,同时在锁定钢板远端应用长度60~65 mm锁钉拧入跟骨远端辅助固定距下关节,距舟关节锁定钢板远端锁钉辅助固定距下关节,增加了距下关节及距舟关节稳定性,促进骨质生长,降低了骨不连的发生率。

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Curative effect of aided fixation of subtalar joint by locking screw on flatfoot

WANG Chenglin, YANG Junzhong, CAO Hua

(First People’s Hospital of Jiangxia District, Wuhan 430200,China)

【Abstract】Objective: To explore the efficacy of aided fixation of subtalar joint by locking screw in arthrodesis for flatfoot. Methods: From April 2012 to March 2016, 14 cases of adult acquired flatfoot were collected in our outpatient department. They underwent subtalar joint and talonavicular joint osteotomy and fusion treatment through inside approach. The posterior articular facet of subtalar joint was fixed by hollow screw, and talonavicular joint was fixed by locking plate. And at the distal end of locking plate, the locking screw of 60-65 mm length was screwed into distal calcaneus for the aided fixation of subtalar joint. After operation, the treated foot was placed at the functional position and was fixed by plaster for 4 weeks. Weight training gradually started according to bone healing status. Results: All cases were followed up for 6-14 months with an average of 9.6 months. During the follow-up period, none of nail withdrawal, nail breakage and false joints was occurred, and all patients reached bony union. Conclusion: The aided fixation of subtalar joint by locking screw at the distal end of locking plate for talonavicular joint fixation can increase the stability of subtalar joint and talonavicular joint, promote the growth of bone, and reduce the incidence of nonunion.

【Keywords】flatfoot; arthrodesis; locking screw

通信作者:杨俊忠,jimmy811106@163.com

【中图分类号】R682.6

【文献标识码】A

DOI:10.11851/j.issn.1673-1557.2017.04.013

优先数字出版地址:http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/51.1688.R.20170720.0939.022.html

(收稿日期:2016-11-01)